Risks and uncertainties associated with biogas for cooking and electricity

Renewable energy solutions, including bioenergy, need to be geographically and culturally appropriate, low-cost clean fuels that meet energy needs and provide co-benefits; they also need to be practically advantageous by offering, for example, simple implementation, good technological availability, and a strong base of experiential knowledge (Blenkinsopp, Coles, and Kirwan, 2013; Brent and Kruger, 2009; Urmee and Md, 2016). Expanding the use of renewable energy sources (RES) is essential to meet future domestic energy demands and to achieve policy targets. In Indonesia, hydro, geothermal, and biomass are among the promising sources to develop further. However, to date the combined installed capacities of these alternatives remains approximately 7.8% of the total optimum capacities (cited in IEA, 2015).