Risk barriers and responses to Indonesia's biogas development

Indonesia's continued reliance on fossil fuels to meet increasing domestic energy demand has made  it the world's eighth largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter (Friedrich et al. 2015). In 2016, following  ratification of the Paris Agreement, Indonesia published its Nationally Determined Contribution  (NDC) targets of 26% and 29% GHG emission reductions by 2020 and 2030, respectively, in  comparison to a business-as-usual scenario. However, over the past five years, coal capacity has  increased by around 12.2 GW, compared to only 1.6 GW of renewable energy, and planned capacity  additions for renewables have been slashed in favour of coal (Climate Action Tracker 2019). A  high-carbon pathway, evidenced in these energy plans and GHG emission trends, is far from being  consistent with NDC targets. Indonesia’s policies are currently rated as “highly insufficient” to  meet its NDC (Climate Action Tracker 2019). Like other countries, it faces several challenges to  mainstreaming and integrating climate change into national planning and development processes.